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Statistical Methods in Economics This manual presents statistical methods, theoretical and practical, like statistical observations, group reports, averages and variations, analysis of time series, statistical estimations, hypothesis testing, index decompositions, and methods of studying the interrelations of economic events and processes. Every chapter contains practical tasks to help readers gain deeper knowledge and understanding of all problems in Statistics. The manual also provides graphic images of Statistics. It is intended for students specializing in economics, post-graduate students, teachers at institutions of higher education, business professionals and others. 1. Introduction 1.1. Statistics as a Science 1.2. Overview 2. Statistical Observation 2.1. Concept of Statistical Observation 2.2. Methodological Problems of Statistical Observation Exercises 3. Grouping of Statistical Data. Statistical Tables and Charts 3.1. Concept of Statistical Groupings 3.2. Attributes for Groupings 3.3. Statistical Tables and Charts Exercises 4. Absolute and Relative Statistical Indicators 4.1. Absolute Indicators 4.2. Relative Indicators 5. Averages and Parameters of Variation 5.1. Theories of Averages 5.2. Averages in Socio-Economic Calculations 5.3. Properties of Arithmetic Mean 5.4. Measures of Dispersion 5.5. Moments Exercises 6. Random Variables. Distributions of Random Variables 6.1. Statistical Series of Distribution 6.2. Graphical Presentation of Series 6.3. Probability Distribution for Continious Variable 6.4. The Basic Theoretical Distribution Exercises 7. Statistical Estimation of Distribution Parameters 7.1. Concept of General Population and Random Sample 7.2. Unbiasedness, Consistence, Efficiency and Sufficiency of Statistical Estimation 7.3. Point Estimations of Parameters of Distribution 7.4. Interval Estimation Exercises 8. Checking of Statistical Hypotheses 8.1. Concept of Statistical Hypotheses. Errors in Hypothesis Testing 8.2. Hypothesis Testing 8.3. Nonparametric Criteria of Comparison of Two Populations Exercises 9. Statistical Study of Interrelations of Socio - Economic Phenomena 9.1. Methods of Study of Interrelations. Concept of Correlation 9.2. Regression Equations 9.3. Correlation analysis 9.4. The Multiple Regression 9.5. Veryfication of the Linear Regression Model Exercises 10. Time Series 10.1. Concept of Time Series 10.2. Analysis of Time Series 10.3. The Trend of Time Series 10.4. Correlation Analysis in a Time Series 10.5. Seasonal Fluctuations Exercises 11. Indexes 11.1. Concept of Indexes 11.2. Aggregation Indexes and Their Weight 149 11.3. Average Indexes 11.4. System of Interdependent Indexes 11.5. Indexes of Averages. Indexes of Permanent and Variable Structure 11.6. Territorial Indexes Exercises
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